|  Open surgical | Minimally invasive | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Fusion | Fusion | |||
 | N | Mean (SD) or % | N | Mean (SD) or % |
VAS pain score at baseline | 139 | 7.1 (1.9) | 113 | 8.3 (1.6) |
VAS pain score at 12Â months | 114 | 4.6 (3.0) | 94 | 2.3 (2.6) |
VAS pain score at 24Â months | 58 | 5.6 (2.9) | 38 | 1.7 (2.9) |
Change in VAS pain score at 12Â months | 113 | -2.7 (3.2) | 93 | -6.2 (3.1) |
Change in VAS pain score at 24Â months | 58 | -2.0 (3.3) | 38 | -5.6 (3.5) |